Reference
Quick overview: cases, verbs, persons, suffixes, and harmony.
Suffix order
Noun: STEM → CASE → PLURAL → POSSESSIVE
Verb: STEM → TENSE → MODE → PERSON
Vowel harmony
| Class | Vowels |
|---|
| Back | a o u |
| Front | e i |
Every suffix is dual-shaped: consonant-initial after a vowel-final base, vowel-initial (u/i) after a consonant-final base.
Case table
| Case | Meaning | Suffix |
|---|
| Nominative | subject / citation form | -∅ / -|- |
| Accusative | direct object | -t / -ut|-it |
| Dative | to / for (recipient) | -r / -ur|-ir |
| Genitive | of / belonging to | -s / -us|-is |
| Inessive | in / inside | -k / -uk|-ik |
| Illative | into | -p / -up|-ip |
| Elative | out of / from inside | -f / -uf|-if |
| Adessive | at / by / near | -l / -ul|-il |
| Ablative | from / away from | -m / -um|-im |
| Allative | to / towards | -g / -ug|-ig |
| Instrumental | with / by means of | -v / -uv|-iv |
| Abessive | without | -z / -uz|-iz |
Tenses
| Tense | Suffix |
|---|
| Present | -∅ / -|- |
| Past | -d / -ud|-id |
| Future | -b / -ub|-ib |
Modes
| Mode | Suffix |
|---|
| Indicative | -∅ / -|- |
| Interrogative | -h / -uh|-ih |
| Negative | -x / -ux|-ix |
| Optative / Desiderative | -w / -uw|-iw |
| Conditional | -y / -uy|-iy |
Persons
| Person | Pronoun | Verb ending | Possessive |
|---|
| 1SG | ma | -m / -um|-im | -m / -um|-im |
| 2SG | ca | -c / -uc|-ic | -c / -uc|-ic |
| 3SG | sa | -∅ / -|- | -j / -uj|-ij |
| 1PL | man | -min / -umin|-imin | -min / -umin|-imin |
| 2PL | can | -cin / -ucin|-icin | -cin / -ucin|-icin |
| 3PL | san | -nin / -unin|-inin | -jin / -ujin|-ijin |
Pronouns
| Person | Form | Meaning |
|---|
| 1sg | ma | I |
| 2sg | ca | you (sg) |
| 3sg | sa | he / she |
| 1pl | man | we |
| 2pl | can | you (pl) |
| 3pl | san | they |
Suffix inventory
| Category | Name | Shapes |
|---|
| plural | Plural | -n / -un|-in |
| case | Accusative | -t / -ut|-it |
| case | Dative | -r / -ur|-ir |
| case | Genitive | -s / -us|-is |
| case | Inessive | -k / -uk|-ik |
| case | Illative | -p / -up|-ip |
| case | Elative | -f / -uf|-if |
| case | Adessive | -l / -ul|-il |
| case | Ablative | -m / -um|-im |
| case | Allative | -g / -ug|-ig |
| case | Instrumental | -v / -uv|-iv |
| case | Abessive | -z / -uz|-iz |
| tense | Past | -d / -ud|-id |
| tense | Future | -b / -ub|-ib |
| mode | Interrogative | -h / -uh|-ih |
| mode | Negative | -x / -ux|-ix |
| mode | Optative | -w / -uw|-iw |
| mode | Conditional | -y / -uy|-iy |
| possessive | My | -m / -um|-im |
| possessive | Your | -c / -uc|-ic |
| possessive | His/Her | -j / -uj|-ij |
| possessive | Our | -min / -umin|-imin |
| possessive | Your (pl) | -cin / -ucin|-icin |
| possessive | Their | -jin / -ujin|-ijin |